DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_4_6

Ilya N. Rostokin

Oleg A. Gorbachev

Sergey V. Snimshchiko

Abstract. The concept of improving surveillance within the air traffic control (ATC) system is based on the use of modern technological solutions for the benefit of civil aviation of the Russian Federation. Currently, high-precision and continuous determination of the aircraft position can be ensured through the use of a multi-position surveillance system (MPSS). This article proposes an algorithm for determining the aircraft position in the MPSS based on the modified least squares method (MLSM). A distinctive feature of the proposed algorithm is the obtaining of estimates of aircraft coordinates under the assumption of random measurement errors and the estimated state vector with a nonlinear dependence of measurements on the estimated parameters. To evaluate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, experimental studies were conducted through computer simulation. Analysis of the obtained results demonstrated high accuracy of aircraft coordinate determination and consistency with theoretical data. Thus, the use of the developed algorithm based on the modified least squares method allows for the estimation of aircraft coordinates in a multi-position surveillance system with high accuracy under the random behavior of the estimated state vector and measurement errors.

Key words: multi-position surveillance system, modified least squares method, aircraft, location, covariance matrix, root mean square error.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_4_20

Grigory A. Gasparyan

Egor A. Drachenko

Abstract. The paper explores the application of Braess’s Paradox to the optimization of air traffic networks. Building upon the model proposed earlier, it is confirmed that removing specific edges from the route structure can reduce overall flight time. However, the original static formulation limits its applicability under real-world dynamic traffic conditions. An extended framework incorporating Dynamic Traffic Assignment and robust removal methods that account for demand uncertainty are proposed. Simulation results demonstrate that eliminating certain edges consistently leads to reduced delays, even under fluctuating traffic scenarios. The developed approach offers a practical tool for strategic airspace management, enabling resilient network reconfiguration under dynamic and capacity-constrained environments.

Key words: airway network design, Braess’s Paradox, air traffic congestion.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_4_44

Mikhail S. Darmograev

Vladimir N. Nechaev

Yuri S. Korchevsky

Abstract. In this article, the authors analyze the route network of air traffic sectors in the Moscow Zone, taking into account the introduced areas, where flights of civil and experimental aircraft are prohibited without a special permit from the Ministry of Defense. This fact has led to an increased traffic intensity in the Penza 123 (P123) sector of the district control center, which increases the burden on radar control and procedural control controllers. In order to maintain flight safety indicators at an acceptable level, an analysis of the workload of the Penza 1 (P1), Penza 2 (P2) and Penza 3 (P3) sectors was performed separately, a model of the air situation of the Ministry of Health was developed, changes in the commercial efficiency of aircraft operation were calculated and tested with the involvement of existing air traffic services specialists. To obtain more reliable results, all air traffic controllers were divided into groups according to their level of training. The criteria for selecting candidates were such parameters as position, work experience, employee class, presence or absence of aviation incidents and accidents in the work history. In addition, the authors drew conclusions about the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the development of a methodology for constructing conflict-free routes that takes into account the criteria of flight safety, economic efficiency and is aimed at reducing the burden on air traffic controllers, contributing to the development of the theoretical foundations of the airspace optimization.

Keywords: flight safety, conflict-free routes, regional control center, air traffic services.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_3_131 

Grigory A. Gasparyan

Abstract: This paper presents an enhanced method for detecting critical edges in spatial-temporal route networks based on complex network analysis. Unlike previous models, the proposed approach accounts not only for the topological characteristics of routes but also for their dynamic variability through a composite weight that includes the average travel speed and its variance. Additional metrics, such as load centrality and robustness of connectivity, are introduced. Critical edges are automatically identified via percolation analysis, without the need for manual threshold adjustment. For criticality prediction, a gradient boosting model is employed, using a set of structural and temporal features. The proposed approach ensures more accurate, reproducible, and adaptive identification of vulnerable segments in route networks and can be applied in real time to support air traffic management.

Key words: air transportation, airway network, complex networks theory, spatial-temporal network, critical link detection, network centrality, percolation theory.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_3_119 

Nelli M. Romanenko

Eduard A. Bolelov

Anzhela S. Borzova

Abstract. The safety of ground traffic on the airfield movement area is largely determined by the effectiveness of airfield surveillance systems. Currently, radar surveillance systems are used to solve the tasks of monitoring and controlling ground traffic at the airfield. Despite their high technical and tactical characteristics, these systems are subject to the influence of natural and artificial radio interference, which can significantly limit their application for surveillance and traffic control, to the point of making the information unusable. A promising development is a vibroacoustic monitoring system, the functioning of which is based on other physical principles. However, vibroacoustic surveillance systems also have disadvantages, the main of which is the inability to observe a stationary object with the engines turned off. The urgent task is to combine existing and promising surveillance systems into a single integrated system in which the disadvantages of one surveillance system will be compensated by the advantages of another surveillance system. This article discusses the problem of synthesizing algorithms for complex information processing of object movement in the airfield movement area, with the possibility of reconfiguring information channels.

Keywords: integrated processing algorithm, ground movement, airfield movement area, mathematical model, airfield survey radar, surveillance system, multi-position surveillance system, vibroacoustic surveillance system.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_3_87

Alexander Yu. Knyazhsky

Sergey V. Baushev

Abstract. This article is the second part of the review of airspace planning systems. The first part provided a comparative analysis of known air situation models: network, probabilistic, load dynamics, expert, air situation development, potentials, entropy. The second part provides a comparative analysis of existing approaches to airspace planning: route synthesis, ATM load management, flight plans optimization, single air conflict resolution, departure/arrival flow planning. The advantages and disadvantages of the analyzed approaches are identified, their classification is proposed based on the physical meaning and completeness of the group.

Keywords: airspace planning, flight planning, air traffic safety, flight plans, air traffic management, air conflicts, air traffic control.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_2_43

Vasiliy N. Ratushniak

Evgeniy N. Garin

Artem M. Mekaev

Andrey V. Lykho

Abstract. Due to the significant increase in the density of traffic flows, especially air ones, technologies of high-precision spatial determination of air objects are increasingly being introduced into ground-based radio engineering transport control systems. The article presents the synthesis and formation of the required directivity diagram of a small aperture antenna array of a vertical sounding radar (VS radar). The task of increasing the accuracy of measuring the angular coordinates of air objects and implementing super-resolution in a VS radar with a small-element antenna array requires solving serious problems associated, first of all, with the formation of the amplitude-phase distribution of the probing signal on the physical elements of the small-element antenna array in conjunction with virtual antenna elements, provided that the energy potential and signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver output are sufficient under conditions of a small antenna aperture and pulse power of the probing signal. The use of VS radar data as part of surveillance radars will ensure the overlap of the blind zone of the dead funnel of the surveillance radar, and thus form a continuous radar field in the upper hemisphere of space.

Key words: surveillance radar station, low-element antenna arrays, angular super-resolution, signal processing methods, radar application efficiency.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_1_86

Alexander Yu. Knyazhsky

Sergey V. Baushev

Abstract. In the general air traffic management system, one of the main functions is performed by the airspace planning (ASP) subsystem, which carries out preliminary (strategic), daily (pre-tactical) and current (tactical) planning with the required quality indicators, the values of which depend on the location and tasks of the aerodrome.

The paper is the first part of the review of existing airspace planning systems. The purpose of the study is to review and comparatively analyze existing air traffic models. Currently, the following air situation models are known: network, probabilistic, load dynamics, expert, air situation development, potentials, entropy. The paper provides an overview of them, identifying their advantages and disadvantages. These models are used to predict air traffic intensity, calculate the shortest routes, form the order of departures and arrivals of aircraft. However, the increase in requirements for airspace capacity and the need to ensure a high level of air traffic safety, with restrictions on aircraft flight parameters, fuel consumption and other indicators of air traffic service quality creates a problematic situation, which, at present, has not been resolved in the existing airspace planning systems. The use of existing models in high-intensity air traffic leads to a significant increase in average fuel consumption, which is why they need to be improved.

Keywords: air situation models, airspace planning, ASP, air traffic safety, fuel consumption, trajectories.

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_1_64

Nguyen Ngoc Hoang Quan

Vladimir N. Nechaev

Vyacheslav B. Malygin

Abstract. The optimization of air traffic service (ATS) route networks is an effective approach to improving the structure of airspace, increasing its capacity, and reducing air traffic congestion. This paper presents a mathematical model and a method for optimizing ATS route networks based on the A-star algorithm, applied to the area control center Ho Chi Minh (ACC HCM) airspace. The ACC HCM airspace (one of the two ACC airspaces in Vietnam) ranks among the leading airspaces in Southeast Asia in terms of both size and workload. The objective function of the model is to minimize the total length of each ATS route within the studied airspace by systematically addressing specific constraints and optimizing the spatial configuration of ATS routes to ensure the most efficient passage within the given parameters. The calculation results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach in increasing the airspace capacity, reducing air traffic congestion and operating costs, while maintaining the required level of safety.

Keywords: mathematical model, A-star algorithm, optimization of the ATS route network, air traffic, ACC HCM airspace, minimization of the total length of ATS routes.

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