Категория: Aeronautics

The analysis of the possibility to use a pyrohydraulic generator in the emergency system of an aircraft landing gear

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_1_117

Anatoly F. Penno

Yury P. Belovodsky

Abstract. A number of problematic issues related to the design features and operation of the main and emergency landing gear systems of modern aircraft are considered. Some contradictions have been noted between the necessity to improve reliability and certain difficulties in using additional emergency landing gear systems on military aircraft. As a result of the analysis of various landing gear extension systems, the Yak-130 aircraft was identified as the object of implementation of the authors’ development on the use of a pyrohydraulic generator in the emergency landing gear extension system. The principle of design and operation of the main units of the proposed system is shown. Using the example of the nose landing gear of an aircraft, a schematic diagram of the functioning of the proposed method of extending the landing gear with a pyrohydraulic generator is demonstrated. Based on the results of the study, the feasibility was confirmed and the possibility of using a pyrohydraulic generator in the emergency landing gear system of an aircraft was justified.

Keywords: Landing gear, extension system, pyrohydraulic generator, reliability, flight safety.

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Unified methodology for planning optimal four-dimensional flight trajectories at the cruising stage in air traffic management

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_1_22

Nguyen Thi Linh Phuong

Evgeny S. Neretin

Nguyen Nhu Man

Abstract. This paper proposes a unified methodology for solving the problems of planning and correcting optimal four-dimensional flight trajectories of an aircraft according to the optimality criteria specified by all participants in the air traffic management (ATM) community, taking into account the influence of wind conditions, no-fly zones, moving zones of difficult weather conditions and other aircrafts. To solve mentioned problems, multilayer neural network models are used to construct user-preferred trajectories based on training the data of completed flights along the corresponding route, the A-star algorithm is used to generate optimal trajectories bypassing stationary and moving zones of dangerous proximity of aircraft, as well as the Bezier curve is used to smooth the piecewise linear trajectories formulated by the A-star algorithm according to the requirements for safe tolerances of aircraft flight trajectories. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of using the proposed methodology, the authors conducted a series of experiments both when planning optimal trajectories pre-departure and when correcting them in flight, taking into account the presence of danger zones (DZ) in the airspace and without them.

Keywords: optimal four-dimensional flight trajectory planning, optimal four-dimensional flight trajectories correction, multilayer neural network models, A-star algorithm, Bezier curve.

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Transistor switches driving in ADS-B / mode 4 amplifiers

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2025_1_46

Fedor M. Stepanov

Abstract. Design process of highly efficient means of communication, surveillance and navigation using switch-mode amplifiers requires a revision of traditional approaches to the circuitry of radio transmitting devices. The parameters of the physical layer of ADS-B systems using VHF datalink mode 4 (VDL-4) theoretically allow the use of switch-mode amplifiers as part of their transmitters. Such an improvement plays a particularly important role in the context of integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) with limited energy reserves on board into the general airspace.

One of the important tasks in the design of such radio technical support for flights operating in the VHF range (primarily onboard, but also ground-based) is to determine approaches to control transistor switches of a power amplifier based on the criteria of efficiency, stability and the ability to provide different operation modes of the switch-mode amplifier. Requirements for the control device have been developed taking into account the standard for the physical layer of VHF datalink mode 4. A conclusion is given on the optimal solutions suitable for building a VDL-4 transmitter with a switch-mode power amplifier, opening up prospects for increasing the efficiency of more than 90%, compared to today’s not exceeding 46%.

Keywords: VDL-4, VHF mode 4, radio transmitter, switch-mode power amplifier, modes (D, DE, E), integrated circuit.

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Spatial orientation and flight image: modern approaches to pilot training

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_4_78

Artem A. Fedorov

Abstract. The article examines the key aspects that ensure effective piloting, such as spatial orientation and flight image. Modern methods of pilot training including technological solutions and cognitive training are described. Emphasis is placed on the importance of an integrated approach to skill development to enhance flight safety and efficiency. The practical significance of the work lies in the need to constantly update and adapt pilot training programs in light of technological progress and changes in the aviation industry, which will contribute to the creation of a safer and more reliable air traffic control system of the future.

Keywords: spatial orientation, flight image, sensory systems, situational awareness, Euler angles, quaternions, psychophysiology, virtual reality, cognitive skills, flight simulators, stress management.

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Development of alternative ways to maintain the serviceability of PT6A engines based on the airline data

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_4_44

Dmitry E. Strokov

Evgenia A. Achkasova

Oksana G. Boyko 

Abstract. The authors constructed a mathematical model for changing the parameters of an aircraft engine for use in the ECTM (Engine Condition Trend Monitoring) system, which will allow for the maintenance of foreign-made aircraft under sanction restrictions based on the airline data.

The mathematical model was constructed with the regression analysis method on the basis of statistical data of PT6A-114A engines technical operation over a five-year operation period. The proposed solution allows the values of the basic parameters of the PT6A-114A aircraft engine to be obtained, the operator having the opportunity to independently analyze the trends of changes in the engine condition without the ESTM system. The main advantage of the obtained research results is independence of the aircraft operator on foreign engine parameter assessment services. The airline can assess the engine parameters independently. One of the next stages of further implementation of the ECTM system within the airline is the development of software that will automate the process of reading the aircraft engine parameters, conduct their analysis and correlate to the engine operation and maintenance documentation and issue a plan of corrective actions on the engine and its components.

Keywords: aircraft engine, parameters, regression analysis, basic values, maintenance.

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Linear density theorem for circulation in a vortex tube

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_4_67

Nikolay V. Danilenko

Anton G. Kirenchev

Abstract. The article describes vortex formation in the atmospheric medium and analyzes the research on this topic. The main contradictions and problems in the study of vortex formation are revealed. The working process of transforming the initial potential flow of working body of the medium under study into vortex flow with the description of the main factors influencing this process is considered. The contradictions in the process of vortex tube formation are revealed, for which a new object of research was chosen – specific linear density of vortex circulation of gas (liquid) natural and anthropogenic media. The state and problems of the specific linear density of vortex circulation of the investigated vortex formation are assessed. The definition of specific linear density of circulation on the basis of its working process is presented. The correlation between the linear circulation density and the tangential velocity of the medium on the outer surface of the vortex tube is established. The definition of the theorem on the linear circulation density of a vortex tube is given. The proof of the theorem and the mathematical relationship of the linear density of medium vortex tube circulation and the tangential velocity on its outer surface are given. Corollaries of the theorem and their applications are presented.

Keywords: vortex formation, generation factors, working process, definition, theorem, classification, linear density of circulation, vortex tube, aircraft engine air intake vortices, tornadoes.

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Application of methods of theory of importance of criteria for determination of activities of pilots in control of aircraft with different level of automation

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_3_103

Gennadiy V. Kovalenko

Ivan S. Muravyev

Ilya A. Yadrov

Abstract. The formalization of the activities of pilots in the controlling of the latest generation aircraft (AC) is experiencing difficulties due to significant changes in the structure of human activity – the operator. For the most complete analysis of the procedure for controlling the activities of pilots when using various levels of automation, it turns out to be not enough to use only the mathematical apparatus of probability theory and decision-making methods in vague conditions. The article presents the result of applying the methods of the theory of the importance of criteria in order to determine the most rational choice of crew members’ activity at various stages of flight and piloting modes of the latest generation aircraft.

Keywords: importance of criteria, evaluation of flight parameters, activity control, degree of aircraft automation.

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Analysis of the methodological basis of aircraft flight path control

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_3_59

Nikolay P. Malisov

Abstract. In the International Civil Aviation Organization, an important area is the development of new approaches to constructing and maintaining effective aircraft flight paths. Developing a flight control system capable of not only stabilizing the position, but also accurately tracking the trajectory for an aircraft is a rather complex task. In this paper, an algorithm for generating trajectory tracking control is proposed based on the methods of optimal control theory (OCT) using optimal filtering theory (OFT) approaches to estimate the trajectory motion parameters. The formulation of an autonomous optimal control problem is considered. In the paper, the flight route maintenance quality indicator is formulated as minimizing the deviation of the actual flight path from the specified one. The expediency of implementing the proposed approach is confirmed by the methods of simulation statistical modeling. To test the validity of the proposed approach, a simulation modeling of a typical flight path tracking under expected operating conditions was performed. Analysis of the results obtained during the simulation modeling shows that the deviation of the controlled flight path parameters from the specified values does not exceed 5 m. The results demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm for tracking a specified flight path and its stability to external disturbances.

Keywords: aircraft, flight path, Kalman filter, optimal control, optimal filtering, global navigation satellite system, trajectory control system.

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Application of powder charges in the emergency system of an aircraft landing gear

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_3_117

Anatoly F. Penno

Abstract. Problematic issues related to the operation of the landing gear system of modern aircraft are considered. Some specific requirements for similar systems used on military aircraft are indicated. A constructive solution is proposed in the form of an original development for the use of the energy of powder gases in the emergency landing gear system using the example of the Yak-130 aircraft. The author carried out an analysis of the additional equipment necessary for the operation of the proposed method of extending the landing gear, as well as its impact on the flight performance of the aircraft related to a possible increase in weight as well as changes in the dimensions of the aircraft. Based on the results of the study, a conclusion was made about the possibility of using powder charges in the emergency system of an aircraft landing gear.

Key words: Landing gear system, powder charge, extension cylinder, reliability, flight safety.

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Detection and demodulation of signals with modulation indexes greater than one in radio monitoring of aviation radio communication

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_2_119

Muslim A. Mezhetov

Alexey A. Shalaev

Vladislav P. Churbakov

Abstract. Communication between an aircraft and ground services is the main means of organizing air traffic control and providing the safety and regularity of air transportation. In order to maintain the operability of radio communication channels is to perform radio monitoring. This article considers a radio monitoring algorithm. It makes possible to classify amplitude-modulated signals by modulation depth, to show the possibility of detection of overmodulated oscillations and to restore the initial information message with sufficient accuracy for its perception.

Key words: overmodulation, double-sideband suppressed carrier modulation, signal analysis, interference detection, cognitive radio, radio monitoring.

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