Категория: 2.9. Transport systems

Simulation of ADS-B data confirmation with temperature correction when estimating flight altitude on local air lines (part 2)

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_1_90

Andrey S. Kalintsev

Abstract. In the first part of the article, the author proposed a modified method for confirming the ADS-B data, which estimates and compares the aircraft flight altitude: barometric altitude (received from a barometric pressure altimeter) and geometric altitude (received from a GNSS receiver). In the presented work, application of the modified technique for confirming the ADS-B geometric altitude data is simulated. When simulating, real data were used which were received from the ADS-B ground station located at the Mezen aerodrome. Real values of pressure and temperature were used. The methodology takes into account the values of quality indicators of ADS-B data. For one flight on local airlines, an excess of the permissible interval was shown (GNSS data, according to the methodology, are not confirmed). The result obtained is consistent with the geometric vertical accuracy parameter GVA. To verify the modified method of the temperature determination according to geometric and barometric altitude, the obtained temperature data are compared with the values of the ECMWF forecasting model. The average RMSE value for 11 flights was 1.58ºС. For climbing aircraft the maximum RMSE value was 1.93ºС, for landing aircraft, maximum RMSE = 2.7°C.

Key words: flight safety, ADS-B, model, local airlines, barometric altitude, geometric altitude, TAS, IAS.

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Sensory and intersensory model of the pilot – aircraft system

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_1_67

Gennady V. Kovalenko

Artem A. Fedorov

Andrey V. Fedorov

Abstract. The paper provides an overview of the components of the pilot model used to design the flight control system which focuses on the physiological aspects and aspects of manual control. The structure of a multi-element system is used which allows the authors to reveal the totality of interaction between the pilot and the aircraft during the implementation of manual control. Manual control is the most difficult process when performing an aircraft flight and requires a lot of experience and high pilot skills. The sensory and intersensory models of the pilot–aircraft system are considered. The application of these models requires knowledge of the mechanisms and processes that are directly involved in the development of the pilot’s spatial orientation when controlling the aircraft manually. The development of a method and a mathematical model for the formation of spatial orientation skills is an urgent task of scientific research.

Keywords: pilot, model, spatial disorientation, aircraft, sensory organs, human factor.

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Pilot age and injuries in aviation

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_1_24

Nikolay I. Nikolaykin

Elena Ed. Sigaleva

Alexandra L. Rybalkina

Olga B. Pasekova

Abstract. The results of an analysis of the influence of pilot age on injury statistics in civil aviation are described. The proportion of aviation accidents caused by human actions remains the same and even tends to increase. Workers continue to get injured during ground handling operations for aircraft. The authors’ assessment of the various risk factors contribution to ongoing negative events confirms the human factor prevalence. Statistics on the activities of civil aviation was analyzed. Examples of aviation accidents involving general aviation aircraft and medical aircraft transporting patients who required emergency medical care were considered.

It has been shown that there is a peak in the aviation accidents for pilots aged 50-59 years, and this peak is observed among experienced pilots with more than 5,000 hours of flight time. For pilots aged 40-49 years, half of the accidents occurred among aircraft commanders with 1,000 … 5,000 hours of flight time, and about one third among pilots with less than 500 hours of flight time.

It was revealed that for domestic general aviation in 2020, the main causes of aviation accidents were such elements of human factor as piloting errors associated with deficiencies in training and little flight experience; loss of spatial orientation in weather conditions that do not comply with visual flight rules, when the underlying surface is white, when caught in a snow whirlwind, as well as a collision with power line wires.

Keywords: aviation, flight safety, industrial safety, human factor, pilot age.

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Analysis of development of statistical methods for reliability assessment as quality properties of facilities and products

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2024_1_6

Nikolai S. Khersonsky

Ludmila G. Bolshedvorskaya 

Abstract. Reliability is the most important characteristics of any object or product, since it is always important that what the supplier offers and supplies is of high quality not only at the time of purchase, but during the entire period of use. Currently, for the aviation and aerospace industries, for the military-industrial complex, the reliability of products is of particular relevance. This article provides an overview of scientific achievements in the field of reliability of technical facilities and products. Of course, this review is not overall. However, the consideration reflects a significant part of books, monographs and other fundamental materials that have not lost their relevance to the present. The results of the study are a kind of guide to the labyrinth of the most difficult problems of solving reliability problems and methods that can be used to solve them.

Keywords: reliability methods, product quality, objects of aviation, aerospace industries, military-industrial complex.

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Concerning the aberration law application in radio navigation and aircraft surveillance

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2023_4_63

Evgeny A. Rubtsov

Abstract. The author analyzes the potential use of the aberration law which describes the deviation of measured parameters of an observed object as it changes its position relative to the observer. The law was studied in terms of its application in radio navigation and aircraft surveillance. During research the author obtained dependences of deviations of observable and real (true) characteristics of an observed object for such aids of radio-technical support of flights as a primary radar, distance measuring equipment (DME) and a ground station of automatic dependent surveillance. In doing so, the speed of the observed object was set equal to 250 m/s (typical for existing airplanes) and 600 m/s (specific for perspective supersonic airplanes). It follows from the calculations that the aberration effect cannot be detected for determining slant range or pulse duration tasks due to the imperfection of the existing measuring instruments. However, the aberration effect can be detected in the tasks of determining the time interval between probing pulses of the primary radar or automatic dependent surveillance messages, as well as in the determination of the frequency of the DME signal. This is achieved due to a sufficiently large dynamic range of the measured values. For the method of evaluating the aberration effect given in the paper the author performed estimation of the sensitivity to the errors of the measured value and the velocity of the observed object. The research confirmed possibility to apply the law of aberration in practice for radio navigation aids and aircraft surveillance, which can increase accuracy of position-fixing and determination of aircraft movement parameters as well as to expand capabilities of the available equipment.

 Key words: aberration, true parameters, observed parameters, radio navigation aids, aircraft surveillance aids.

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Using the TDOA method for validation of broadcast automatic dependent surveillance

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2023_4_50

Alexander P. Plyasovskih

Artem V. Koposov

Vladislav Yu. Davidenko

Abstract. The paper considers the possibility of using the Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) method, which can be applied to confirm the reliability of information coming from multiple sources. TDOA method can be applied to validate the information received from several ground automatic dependent surveillance stations of broadcast type (ADS-B). The paper is aimed at studying the TDOA method and its application to ADS-B stations. This method makes it possible to use the ADS-B as the only means of surveillance at the airfield. Currently, according to ICAO recommendations, ADS-B stations are not allowed to be used as a stand-alone surveillance aid due to the problems related to the possibility of distorting a signal or introducing some false information into messages, so the operation of this type of stations is possible only together with other means of surveillance, such as multi-position surveillance systems (MLAT) or secondary surveillance radar systems (SSR) thus increasing the cost of organizing surveillance on the airfield. Thus, the relevance of the work is related to the need to find an alternative method of confirming the validity of an ADS-B message.

Key words: ADS-B, validation, spoofing, time difference, hyperbole.

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Modified methodology for confirming ADS-B data with correction of temperature values when estimating the flight altitude

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2023_4_28

Andrey S. Kalintsev

Abstract. The International Civil Aviation Organization indicates the need to confirm the ADS-B data. The ADS-B messages include information about the horizontal and vertical location. Information about the altitude of an aircraft in civil aviation is of great importance. The article proposes a modified methodology for confirming ADS-B data when performing flights on local airlines, which allows us to estimate and compare the geometric and barometric altitude of aircraft flight transmitted in a standard ADS-B message. The proposed modification of the method consists is correcting the temperature values, using the full barometric Laplace formula, taking into account the ADS-B quality parameters. In a level flight, with no ground velocity vector data, temperature is corrected using the airspeeds (TAS, IAS) transmitted in the ADS-B message. The method uses a maximum permissible error of 90 m. It is also proposed to determine the air temperature according to geometric and barometric altitude data transmitted in the standard ADS-B message. The determination of air temperature at altitudes involves the use of the ADS-B data from the aircraft that completed take-off. To determine the temperature according to the data of the aircraft completed landing, statistics of data from several aircraft is needed.

Key words: flight safety, ADS-B, temperature, barometric altitude, geometric altitude, TAS, IAS.

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Influence of individual circadian rhythms on maintenance staff fatigue

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2023_4_20

Alexandra L. Rybalkina

Abstract. The paper presents the results of a study of individual circadian rhythms and age influence on maintenance staff fatigue. Fatigue indicators were assessed using seven indicators for four types of shifts: day shift, night shift, daily shift, five-day work week. Changes in the values of maintenance staff fatigue indicators were analyzed for each type of work shift, depending on the type of individual circadian rhythms (larks, owls, pigeons) and depending on age (20-29, 30-39, 40-49 and 50-59 years old). The data obtained show that the age and individual circadian rhythms influence the civil aviation maintenance staff fatigue.

Keywords: individual circadian rhythms, fatigue, maintenance staff, human factor, questionnaires.

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Supplier selection and evaluation methods based on categorization of product and component parameters

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2023_4_6

Nikolai S. Khersonsky

Ludmila G. Bolshedvorskaya

Abstract. The risk of release of non-conforming products may arise under the influence of various factors. The results of earlier studies showed that the most significant factors that reduce the quality of products include a decrease in the efficiency of equipment, the level of professional competence of performers, the reliability of partners and suppliers of raw materials, materials, components. This work is devoted to the development of a mechanism for choosing a reliable supplier.

Keywords: product safety and operability, categorization of controlled parameters, selection and evaluation of suppliers, cost reduction.

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Probabilistic description of wind gusts in the runway area affecting the safety of aircraft flights

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DOI 10.51955/2312-1327_2023_3_22

Elena I. Trusova

Vitalii D. Rubtsov

Alexandra L. Rybalkina

Abstract. The influence of wind gusts on the safety of aircraft flights is described. The impulse nature of wind gusts is substantiated. Experimental studies of wind gusts carried out with the help of a parametric recording device on an ultrasonic beam and an anemometer are analyzed, and it is shown that wind gusts have an impulsive nature, similar to atmospheric noise envelope emissions. The results of the analytical description of the probabilistic characteristics of atmospheric noise envelope emissions known from the literature are applied to wind gusts on the runway. Characteristics are given for the average duration of wind gusts, intervals between wind gusts and the average duration of intervals, the distribution of the duration of wind gusts, the average number and distribution of maxima of wind gusts.

Keywords: gusts of wind, probabilistic description, flight safety, aircraft, logarithmically normal model.

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